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Saving Soils - Soil Conservation in High Disturbance Irrigated Specialty Crops

Saving Soils - Soil Conservation in High Disturbance Irrigated Specialty Crops

Project Abstract

As part of the Saving Soils initiative, Farming Smarter undertakes new and creative research activities to support knowledge generation and transfer throughout southern Alberta. These activities directly address the development and adoption of innovative best management practices (BMPs) that promote soil health and carbon sequestration on the Alberta agroecosystems.

High value, irrigated root crops such as potato require intensive tillage at seeding and disturb soil at harvest. This reduces crop residue and leaves soil vulnerable to significant erosion events from the strong winds experienced in southern Alberta. This project evaluates strategies to reduce soil erosion and improve soil health parameters in potato production.

This study explores nurse crop, cover crop, and relay crop practices in irrigated potato through a series of small plot trials and on-farm experiments. Many of the practices are new require collaboration with farmers ready to assume possible risk. For this reason, these trials maintain flexibility in executing on-farm activities.

The treatments used and overall trial size varies to accommodate the comfort of participating farmers. That said, many growers recognize the soil conservation risk presented by potato production and are eager to find practical and usable solutions!

Project Details

Timeline 2022-2027
Principal Investigator: Dr. Thierry Fonville
Farming Smarter
Project Contact: Lewis Baarda
Funded By:

Weston Family Foundation

RBC Tech for Nature


Project Objectives

  • Develop best management practices to reduce soil erosion and enhance soil health by increasing organic matter
  • Evaluate adoption of best management practices that improve soil health in southern Alberta
  • Development of a guide for potato producers outlining options for soil erosion control before, during, and after a potato crop

Methods

5 small plot trails and 10 on-farm experiments will be completed over 5 years for a completed total of 15 site years of data. These trials will evaluate the best opportunities to manage soil conservation issues in potato production through the use of nurse crops, cover crops and relay crops.

Potato Trials

Trial 1: Shoulder season nurse crops in potato production

Locations

Lethbridge, AB
Taber, AB

Treatments

  • Two factor Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 4 replications (5 sites over 5 years)
  • Plots of 4 rows x 50m
  • Factor 1: Cover Crop
    • Absent (Check)
    • Oat/Pea/Vetch
    • Barley
    • Winter Wheat
  • Factor 2: Termination
    • Glyphosate herbicide application with Power Hilling
    • Power Hilling alone

Trial 2: Fall cover crops for post-harvest soil conservation in potato production

Locations

Lethbridge, AB
Taber, AB

Treatments

  • Two-way factorial RCBD with 4 replications (5 sites over 5 years)
  • Factor 1: Cover Crop
    • Absent (Check)
    • Annual Ryegrass
    • Oat/Pea/Vetch
    • Winter Peas
  • Factor 2: Cover Crop Seeding Rate
    • 0.5x
    • 1x (reduced to 33% of each crop mixture)

Seeding cover crops following fall potato bedding (marking rows) will be evaluated as a means of preventing erosion over winter prior to a potato crop. A mixture of oat/pea/vetch will be compared to barley and a winter cereal crop. Percent cover will be estimated as a proxy for erosion control. Data will be collected in the fall, and in the following spring, and following the potato crop.  

The experiment will assess the utility of seeding a non-competitive crop between rows of potatoes as a relay crop.  Shading should hold the crop in check and if harvesters do not disturb the crop too greatly at harvest, the crop may continue to grow until freeze-up.

Sugar Beet Trials

Trial 3: Inter-row relay crop seeding in sugar beets to hold soil at the end of the growing season

Locations

Lethbridge, AB
Taber, AB

Treatments

  • Two-way factorial RCBD with 4 replications (5 sites over 5 years)
  • Plots of 4 rows x 25 m are recommended
  • Factor 1: Cover Crop Type (chosen to fit local context)
    • Absent (check)
    • Oats
    • Winter Pea
    • Camelina

Relay inter-row seeding (pre-harvest) of cover crops in sugar beet fields may allow a crop to catch without negatively impacting yield or sugar content. A crop that dies over winter would help hold soil until spring and facilitate timely spring fieldwork. Late seeded inter-row crops may also help to taking up any available nitrogen which should support higher sugar content in sugar beets.

Measurements



Trial 1

Trial 2

Trial 3

  • Background soil nutrient status prior to planting cover crop
  • Background soil nutrient status prior to planting cover crop
  • Background soil nutrients prior to planting cover crop
  • Pre-winter cover crop density and ground cover
  • Cover crop density and ground cover prior to row close
  • Cover crop density, biomass, and ground cover prior to and after harvesting sugar beets
  • Pre-spring termination cover crop density and ground cover
  • Cover crop density, crop biomass, and ground cover
    • after harvest,
    • before freeze-up,
    • and in the spring
  • Cover crop biomass and ground cover in the spring following beet harvest
  • Cover crop C and N input
  • Cover crop C and N input
  • Cover crop C and N input
  • Effectiveness of cover crop termination through herbicide or power hilling
  • Yield, grade, and quality of potatoes harvested from each treatment
  • Yield and quality (sugar content) of crop harvested from each treatment
  • Yield, grade and quality of potatoes harvested from each treatment



Results

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